10W-40 is not only for diesels, it’s often for motorcycles too, given it's ok for wet clutches, But I’ll try to keep on track here. If an engine recommends 5w-30 then that's 5w-30 for synthetic or dino oil. Synthetic oils just have better heat transfer properties and do not break down in the same way dino oil does. While we are talking about oils, 5w-30 is a multi-weight oil, unlike say, plain SAE 30 weight oil. Multi-weight oil uses polymers which allow the oil to be specific weights at certain temperatures. SAE 30 as well as 5W-30 and 10W-30, and so forth, 30 being the common factor here, will all have the same viscosity, or thickness, at operating temperature (around 210degF). The difference is in the Winter number. The 5 in 5w-30 means it acts like a 5 weight oil during cold temperatures, like in the winter, which is what the W stands for. The lower the viscosity, the thinner the oil and the less resistance to oil flow you will have. That’s why thinner oil is better for colder climates, you get faster oil flow during cold starts. That’s also why you may hear people recommending 5w-30 over 10w-30 in the winter time. Now, you may ask why is the oil a 5 weight at cold temperatures and a 30 weight when hot? Shouldn’t it be thinner when hot? Well there is a different scale for grading Winter viscosities than there is for rating SAE viscosities, which makes the numbers seem confusing if you are trying to compare them. Hope this helps, it’s a bit confusing at first, but it sticks.